&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;Em sentido amplo, multa ou tamb&amp;eacute;m denominada
de cl&amp;aacute;usula penal, &amp;eacute; a &amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%C3%A7%C3%A3o&amp;quot;&amp;gt;san&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;
aplicada a algu&amp;eacute;m que infringe a &amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei&amp;quot;&amp;gt;lei&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;, o &amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot; href=&amp;quot;https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrato&amp;quot;&amp;gt;contrato&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;ou
decis&amp;atilde;o judicial. O objetivo da multa &amp;eacute; obrigar o devedor a cumprir a
obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  A multa pode ser tanto compensat&amp;oacute;ria como morat&amp;oacute;ria.
A multa compensat&amp;oacute;ria &amp;eacute; uma indeniza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o pelo descumprimento do contrato e a
multa morat&amp;oacute;ria &amp;eacute; a multa pelo atraso.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Ambos
os tipos de multas t&amp;ecirc;m as suas limita&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es, como por exemplo, o C&amp;oacute;digo de Defesa
do Consumidor que estipula o limite de 2% (dois por cento) para as obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es
de consumo, cuja an&amp;aacute;lise n&amp;atilde;o ser&amp;aacute; aprofundada neste artigo.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  A
regra geral est&amp;aacute; prevista no C&amp;oacute;digo Civil, que em seu artigo 412 reza que o
valor da comina&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o imposta na cl&amp;aacute;usula penal n&amp;atilde;o pode exceder o valor principal
da obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o:&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;ldquo;Art. 412. O valor da comina&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o imposta na cl&amp;aacute;usula penal n&amp;atilde;o pode exceder
o da obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o principal.&amp;rdquo;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  A
ilustre professora doutora Maria Helena Diniz ensina que &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;ldquo;se o valor da penalidade for
manifestamente excessivo, em face da natureza e da finalidade do neg&amp;oacute;cio e
ainda que dentro dos limites do Art. 412, poder&amp;aacute; o juiz, de of&amp;iacute;cio, determinar
a redu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o. Essa regra n&amp;atilde;o estava presente no C&amp;oacute;digo Civil de 1916 e representa
consider&amp;aacute;vel inova&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, afastando, completamente, o princ&amp;iacute;pio da imutabilidade
da cl&amp;aacute;usula penal. &amp;rdquo;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Se
de livre decis&amp;atilde;o as partes decidiram incluir uma multa abaixo do limite legal
previsto no artigo 412 do C&amp;oacute;digo Civil, por que o juiz poder&amp;aacute; revisar essa
multa? &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  A
Constitui&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o Federal estabelece no artigo 3&amp;ordm;, caput, inciso I que um dos
objetivos da Rep&amp;uacute;blica Federativa do Brasil &amp;eacute; &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;ldquo;construir uma sociedade livre, justa e solid&amp;aacute;ria&amp;rdquo;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;. Desta forma a justi&amp;ccedil;a e a
solidariedade est&amp;atilde;o entre os objetivos fundamentais do Estado. Os valores e
princ&amp;iacute;pios que regem a Constitui&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o Federal de 1988 foram gradativamente
mitigando o individualismo do contrato para que o sistema se preocupe com a
dignidade da pessoa humana.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Neste contexto o artigo 413 do
C&amp;oacute;digo Civil estabelece que o juiz deve reduzir a cl&amp;aacute;usula penal
equitativamente se a obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o principal tiver sido cumprida em parte ou for
manifestadamente excessiva:&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;ldquo;Art.
413. A penalidade deve ser reduzida eq&amp;uuml;itativamente pelo juiz se a obriga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o
principal tiver sido cumprida em parte, ou se o montante da penalidade for
manifestamente excessivo, tendo-se em vista a natureza e a finalidade do
neg&amp;oacute;cio.&amp;rdquo;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Interessante analisar que no
C&amp;oacute;digo Civil de 1916, em artigo semelhante, era utilizada a palavra &amp;ldquo;poder&amp;aacute;&amp;rdquo;,
facultando ao juiz a revis&amp;atilde;o, enquanto que, no atual C&amp;oacute;digo Civil de 2002 a
palavra foi substitu&amp;iacute;da por &amp;ldquo;deve&amp;rdquo;, raz&amp;atilde;o pela qual se trata de norma cogente,
ou seja, obrigat&amp;oacute;ria.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;A redu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o
da multa deve ser analisada caso a caso, mediante an&amp;aacute;lise equitativa do juiz.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Importante
destacar que n&amp;atilde;o se trata apenas de uma redu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de proporcionalidade matem&amp;aacute;tica
e sim de equidade (enunciado n&amp;ordm; 359 do Conselho da Justi&amp;ccedil;a Federal &amp;ndash; CJF). A
redu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o equitativa n&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; sin&amp;ocirc;nimo de redu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o proporcional.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Essa
no&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de equidade, segundo a ideia de Arist&amp;oacute;teles, &amp;eacute; a justi&amp;ccedil;a no caso
concreto. Enquanto a justi&amp;ccedil;a em si &amp;eacute; medida abstrata, suscet&amp;iacute;vel de aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o a
todas as hip&amp;oacute;teses, a equidade &amp;eacute; a justi&amp;ccedil;a no ajustamento do caso concreto.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Miguel
Reale ensinou em suas Li&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es Preliminares do Direito&amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[2]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;&amp;ldquo;H&amp;aacute; certos casos em que a aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o rigorosa do Direito
redundaria em ato profundamente injusto. Summum jus, summa injuria.&amp;lt;b&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;Esta afirma&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, para n&amp;oacute;s, &amp;eacute; uma das
mais belas, e profundas da jurisprud&amp;ecirc;ncia romana, porque ela nos p&amp;ocirc;e em
evid&amp;ecirc;ncia a noc&amp;atilde;o fundamental de que o direito n&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; apenas sistema
l&amp;oacute;gico-formal, mas, sobretudo, a aprecia&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o estimativa ou axiol&amp;oacute;gica da conduta.&amp;rdquo;.&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;  Assim,
o juiz deve considerar a inten&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o dos contratantes, a gravidade da infra&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, a
culpa do devedor, a m&amp;aacute;-f&amp;eacute;, as vantagens do inadimplemento, o interesse do
credor na presta&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, a situa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o econ&amp;ocirc;mica de ambas as partes, as condi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es em
que foi negociado, entre outras coisas.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;





&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
DINIZ, Maria Helena e outros. Novo C&amp;oacute;digo Civil
Comentado. Vers&amp;atilde;o eletr&amp;ocirc;nica. 2002.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;nofollow&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[2]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
REALE, Miguel. Li&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es Preliminares do Direito, 27&amp;ordm; e., Saraiva: S&amp;atilde;o Paulo,
2002, p.125&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;





&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;